HMST2190 – ESSAY Sociocultural issues in Professional Practice Type: Essay Learning objectives assessed: 1, 2, 3 Due date: 27 Apr 2021 Submission details: Essay to be submitted via Turnitin Weight: 60% Aim: To develop critical thinking practices related to HMNS professions including Health and Physical Education, Clinical Exercise Physiology, Exercise and Sport Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, Sport Journalism and Sport Management. To provide conceptual understandings of how HMNS professions exist in broader social and cultural networks, and how these networks influence and shape professional practices which involve diverse clients, parents, carers, and others. Topic: Critically analyse the impact of sociocultural factors on your potential health and sport profession. Task: Students are to produce a 2000-word analytical essay. This essay must be fully referenced (Harvard Style, APA, Australian Government Printing Style), typed on every second line, with a list of references. You will choose one of the following prescribed professional scenarios upon which to base your essay: Please describe how you would prepare one of the following scenarios. You may wish to consider key socio-cultural factors: • You have secured a role as an exercise physiologist working at the Rockhampton Hospital. • You are employed as an exercise physiologist to work at the Institute of Urban Indigenous Health. • You have been employed as a consultant exercise physiologist for an Aged Care Provider in urban centre. • You are employed as a sport scientist on the Australian team at the Tokyo Paralympic Games. • You have secured a job as a sport scientist working with elite athletes in the United Arab Emirates. • You have been offered an opportunity to work as a sport scientist at the World Gay Games. • You have secured employment as a Physical Education teacher on Thursday Island. • You have secured employment as a Physical Education teacher at the Brisbane Islamic College. • You have been offered a job as a physical education teacher at a private all-girls school in Toowoomba. • You been an opportunity to work as coach with the All Refugee Junior Soccer Team. • You got a job at the Brisbane Courier Mail to write about women’s sport. • You have been given a position as a sport psychologist with a prominent MMA fighter. • You have been given a position as a dietitian at a diabetes clinic in a low socioeconomic area of Brisbane. • You have secured a position advising the Queensland State Government about nutrition policies for young women’s lifestyles. • You have been given a role as a social media manager for high profile Australian sport team. Requirements: • Clearly articulate your potential future profession in the opening paragraph. • Identify and discuss key sociocultural issues that professionals in this field engage with now, and in the future. This analysis should include: o Reflection on your own principled position. o Analysis of the context important in your scenario ▪ Identify and analyse the sociocultural issues raised in your chosen scenario. • You may choose to focus on a single issue within your scenario, or more than one. If you choose more than one issue, your analysis should be intersectional. This means you must identify and analyse the ways that sociocultural issues intermesh in your chosen profession. For example, you might examine the intersections between gender and disability, or race and socioeconomic status. ▪ Who in your scenario is affected by these issues? • Who has power? Who does not? o Support your analysis of these issues with consistent, meaningful references to relevant academic literature. ▪ • Are there any academic theories you can use to help understand the issues you have identified? Provide recommendations (supported by critical analysis of academic literature) about how you and other practitioners might address these issues in a professional setting. o Does academic literature provide any guidance on addressing the sociocultural issues in your chosen scenario? o What specific measures could implement to mitigate or lessen the effect of these sociocultural issues? o Are there aspects of these sociocultural issues that are beyond your immediate control? • Provide critical commentary about the role of sociocultural knowledge and understanding in your chosen profession. o If applicable, refer to professional accreditation requirements (Exercise and Sport Science Australia, Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, Dieticians Association of Australia, Australian Journalists Association) Suggested Readings: There is a significant and established body of literature on sociocultural issues in sport, exercise and physical activity. There is also a growing body of work that specifically addresses how these sociocultural issues manifest in professional sport and physical activity spaces. • You may wish to consult the list of suggested journals provided below: o o o o o o o Quest International Review of the Sociology of Sport Philosophy of Sport Journal Sociology of Sport Journal Sport in Society Journal of Sport and Social Issues Sport, Education, and Society The following publications represent a selection of some relevant sources. Students are encouraged to use these but should also extend their reading well beyond this literature when developing their arguments. • • • • Adair, Daryl ed. Sport, Race, and Ethnicity: Narratives of Difference and Diversity. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2011. Armour, Kathleen ed. Pedagogical cases in physical education and youth sport. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2014. Birrell, Susan, and Cheryl L. Cole eds. Women, Sport, and Culture. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994. Campbell, Alastair V. The Body in Bioethics. London, UK: Routledge, 2009. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Carrington, Ben and Ian McDonald. Race, Sport, and British Society. London, UK: Routledge, 2001. Cashmore, Ellis. Making Sense of Sport (3rd Edition). London, UK: Routledge, 2000, pp. 189-218. Coalter, Fred. Sport for development: What game are we playing? London, UK: Routledge, 2013. Coveney, John, and Sue Booth eds. Critical Dietetics and Critical Nutrition Studies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Books, 2019. Cunningham, George B., Janet S. Fink, and Alison Doherty eds. Routledge Handbook of Theory in Sport Management. London, UK: Routledge, 2016. Gard, Michael and Jan Wright. The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality, and Ideology. New York, NY: Routledge, 2005. Gilbourne, David and Mark B. Anderson eds. Critical Essays in Applied Sport Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011. Hadley, Bree and Donna McDonald eds. Routledge Handbook of Disability Arts, Culture, and Media. London, UK: Routledge, 2019. Humberstone, Barbara, Heather Prince, and Karla A. Henderson, eds. Routledge International Handbook of Outdoor Studies. London: Routledge, 2016. Malcolm, Dominic ed. Sport Medicine and Health: The Medicalisation of Sport? London, UK: Routledge, 2017. Mansfield, Louise, Jayne Caudwell, Belinda Wheaton, Beccy Watson eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism and Sport, Leisure and Physical Education. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Markula, Pirkko and Richard Pringle eds. Foucault, sport, and Exercise: Power, Knowledge and Transforming the Self. London, UK: Routledge, 2009. Mckay, Jim. No Pain, No Gain? Sport and Australian Culture. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, 1991, pp. 139-148. Morgan, William J. and Klaus V. Meier eds. Philosophic Inquiry in Sport (2nd Edition). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995, pp. 201-259. Scrinis, Gyorgy. Nutritionism: The Science and Politics of Dietary Advice. Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press, 2015. Silk, Michael L., David L. Andrews, and Holly Thorpe eds. Routledge handbook of Physical Cultural Studies. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2017. Schulenkorf, Nico and Daryl Adair. Global sport-for-development: Critical perspectives. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Schultz, Jaime. Women’s Sports: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2018. Tinning, Richard. Pedagogy and Human Movement: Theory, Practice, Research. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2010. Ventresca, Matt, and Mary G. McDonald eds. Sociocultural Examinations of Sports Concussions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. Waddington, Ivan and Andy Smith eds. Sport, Health and Drugs: A Critical Sociological Perspective. London, UK: Routledge, 2000. Sociocultural Issues in Professional Practice Student University Course Date I have been assigned to be a dietician at a diabetes clinic in a low socio-economic area of Brisbane. Diabetes is known as one of the most significant causes of disease burden in Queensland, accounting for 55 deaths per year that dramatically affects females more than males at any age. It has been considered one of the public health issues faced not only in Brisbane but also across the globe. Certain issues like social health determinants significantly affect health, particularly diabetic patients, such as low income, inadequate education, house problems, weak social support, scarcity of nutritious food, and lifestyle. Starting with revenue, low-income populations are more prone to acquiring diabetes than those who are well-paid. Diabetes is a chronic condition with complex lifetime health maintenance once acquired, so the inability to afford and continue health care services such as hospitalization, medications, and therapy sessions contributes to a higher risk of disease and other comorbidities. In some countries, this issue was addressed through national health insurance (NHI), which covers laboratory tests, medications, ambulatory care, and hospitalizations. This policy was explicitly granted to the low-income population for them to be able to access necessary health services such as health care assistance by paying a fixed amount monthly before receiving the services or what many call “copayment.” It also provided clear empirical views towards the relationship of poverty to diabetes (Hsu et al., 2012). Moreover, inadequate education is also one of the contributing risk factors for diabetes. For the past years, it has been proven that highly educated individuals live longer and are less likely to have poor health status. Education simply opens doors to opportunities in achieving better health. For instance, higher educational attainment offers higher-paying occupations. In line with having a job comes health insurance, paid leave, and retirement pay. In contrast, people with low educational attainment tend to work harder with fewer benefits. Higher academic achievement automatically gets paid a lot. Earning a lot enables an individual to purchase nutritious and healthy foods and afford resources to various health services without any financial barriers that put off the treatment. There several solutions to educational problems, such as free education that the government continuously funds through government funds and charitable organizations. However, this is just a solution on the surface. Low-income families cannot afford to send their children to school, considering educational expenses such as school supplies, transportation, and other fees not covered by the government. With these, there are local government policies that provide educational assistance to low-income populations. The educational assistance program is when financial aid is given to working students who simply work and study at the same time, vocational students who study a specific path of work, and technical students that are interested in learning modern technology and science. It also includes students enrolled from state colleges and universities, relocated or displacement-stuck families due to natural calamities such as typhoons and floods, and students whose parents work overseas (Hsu et al., 2012). According to the study of Mario Schootman, chief of the Division of Health Behavior Research at Washington University, Housing problems are a contributing factor in health risk, specifically diabetes. Housing conditions include the neighborhoods, state of the respective house, noise pollution, air quality, etc. Having adequate clean space helps an individual to perform specific exercises. In line with this, exercise can help maintain normal body sugar levels and even prevent diabetes and other comorbidities from occurring. People with poor housing are incapable of providing a space for them to perform aerobic exercises once in a while. Living in a squatter area is the only option for a numerous amount of population. Bacterial infections often occur in these places, and one must also keep in mind that diabetic patients have weakened immune system defenses to fight against certain bacterial organisms making them more prone to infections with longer to no healing process. Several solutions have already been applied in an international context, such as affordable housing, enabling an individual to allocate savings and money on other necessities like food, clothing, medications, and the like. Furthermore, social and municipal housing are also in the market, which is a government-owned property. These housing costs are lower compared to other housing across the country. However, there are specific criteria to qualify for the service. For example, to be eligible, an individual or family should be deemed homeless, live in cramped conditions, or have certain medical conditions aggravated by environmental conditions. Lastly, Housing rent controls were also imposed. This can help tenants to achieve financial stability; however, on the landlord’s side, this might be a disadvantage since most forms of housing have a ten percent increase each year (Burton, 2007). In addition, weak social support is another thing to consider. This is a complex social network that includes families, co-workers/occupational relationships, community, institutions, and other acquaintances. All of these have an impact on people with comorbidities towards their self-image, self-efficacy, and even prognosis. The ability to participate in social capital plays a role in managing such chronic diseases compared to those who have weak social support that maximizes barriers to attaining disease management. There are different positive impacts and results that social support networks provide, which benefit those who struggle with diseases such as diabetes. Social support networks serve as an instrument for the day-to-day care of the patient and provide sympathy and gestures of appreciation as emotional support. The feeling of inclusion to different social systems enables the person with diabetes to get motivated to avoid becoming a burden to the family and prevent them from losing their independence on self-care, activities of daily living, and such. Positive social connections facilitate better prognosis and management, including the doctor-patient relationship compared to those with unhealthy social relationships. Isolation and harmful relationships are linked to more inadequate health management towards treating diabetes and connected to a high risk of depression and earlier death. People with weak social networks should try to get out there, participate and get involved in different social groups that are healthy for their holistic health and, most importantly, their emotional and mental health. They should consider participating in church and spiritual gatherings to helps them meet new people and even draw them closer to the almighty Father (Hill et al., 2013). One of the significant etiologies of acquiring type 2 diabetes mellitus is diet. Studies show that most Queenslanders have not met the recommended daily servings of each food group accounting for multiple unhealthy factors such as foods with high saturated fat, which causes cholesterol build up between blood vessels, prompting a continuous distribution of nutrients needed by the body and can cause a stroke. High energy consumption foods such as popular fast foods slow down one’s digestion and may take up to weeks to fully digest. Added sugar and preservatives rank as the number one cause of diabetes in most populations and can cause fatty liver disease, elevated blood pressure, weight gain, and many more. Lastly, too much salt intake barely affects people with diabetes; however, it may elevate blood pressure which may affect diabetes management in total. The scarcity of nutritious food correlates with social issues for those who face poverty. Healthier foods are more likely to cost more compared to unhealthy diets. More impoverished populations tend to splurge on cheaper grocery stocks that last for weeks instead of choosing the best quality healthy foods that may not even last a week. Unhealthy foods are more affordable simply because of tax being subsided from corn, wheat, and soy compared to broccoli and beets. Having the privilege to access nutritious food has the capability to manage and control individuals’ food intake corresponding to health conditions. Food insecurity is considered one of the global health issues mainly affecting single-parent households, the elderly, and low-income individuals. There are undeniable barriers limiting accessing nutritious food, such as the lack of resources considering geographic locations and inevitable calamities. The cost of healthy foods, which has already been discussed, and the lack of time pertaining to those who work many hours daily and live alone causes them to buy fast and instant foods present hindrances as well. Addressing food insecurity takes a handful of measures, and here are some of them. Food availability basically means readily available sources and sufficient stocks to feed the population. Food access covers the ability to purchase, which is linked with educational attainment, thereby significantly affecting the salary count. Food utilization pertains to the conventional use of food that provides adequate and needed nutritional count and proper storage and processing techniques. Food stability concerning food security during the occurrence of natural calamities in Brisbane, such as storm surge, earthquakes, severe storms with hails and harsh winds, can be challenging to maintain. Moreover, Redirecting subsidization towards healthier options such as fruits and vegetables rather than commodities would allow people with low economic status to meet their nutritional needs (Harris-Hayes et al., 2020). Considering social determinants that exacerbate and affect diabetes, the primary aspects that need to be emphasized include having a well-paid income, satisfactory education, excellent housing conditions, solid social support, and ample nutritious foods. Addressing all problems starts with one acknowledging that their lifestyle does not coincide with what is beneficial. There are indeed non-modifiable risk factors that are beyond one’s control, such as genetic factors and family history. However, when it comes to things one can control, it is strongly driven by discipline, motivation, and perseverance to attain holistic health. Lifestyle encompasses education pertaining to knowing a well-balanced meal over a diet that is not healthy for oneself, learning about numbers when it comes to calorie and carbohydrate counts, and synchronizing particular medications and diets, especially for insulin-dependent patients of diabetes. In contrast, people with insufficient knowledge regarding these things are at risk of type II diabetes. Moreover, the perseverance to stay fit and healthy by creating an exercise routine daily or weekly plays a vital role in a diabetes management plan. Constantly eyeing sweet foods and drinks is a substantial contributing factor to increased blood sugar and obesity. Instead, one should try repl …
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