Article critique for History and Systems of Psychology
instructions in attachment
Unit VI Article Critique Using the CSU Online Library, locate a scholarly article that discusses the
emergence and impact of at least one psychological paradigm discussed in your textbook. Why did this
school of thought arise? Contrast it with at least three other theories you learned about in your textbook
(e.g., Rogers’ humanism, Jung’s analyses, Piaget’s schemata. Be sure that at least one theory comes from
the German contributions and that one comes from the American contributions to the psychological
paradigms. Your essay should be a minimum of two pages in length; in addition to the two pages of
content, include a title page and a reference page. You are required to use your textbook and at least
one other source. Please consider the following as you compose your article critique: The article should be clearly related to the course topics. You should identify the significant points of the article, and explain how the article relates to the
course concepts. You should present a thorough analysis and strong argument to support your interpretation of the
course concepts. The organization of the paper should clearly present logically arranged points. Your writing should be clear and concise with no spelling, grammatical, or punctuation errors. The number of sources should meet or exceed the expressed assignment requirements, and the
sources should be peer-reviewed or academic in nature. APA formatting guidelines should be used for reference entries and in-text citations. Information about
accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below. STUDY GUIDE Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 5.
Describe the key events and persons involved in establishing psychology in the United States. 5.1 Explain
the emergence and impact of psychological theories contributed by American psychologists. 6. Interpret
the contributions of early German philosophers and psychologists to the study of psychology. 6.1 Explain
the emergence and impact of psychological theories contributed by German psychologists. 8. Explain
how major areas of psychology (e.g., behaviorism, cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, clinical
psychology) emerged and the context surrounding each. 8.1 Evaluate the emergence and impact of
psychological paradigms and theories. Reading Assignment Chapter 12: Mental Illness and its Treatment,
pp. 347–364 Chapter 13: Psychology’s Practitioners, pp. 367–387 Chapter 14: Psychology’s Researchers,
pp. 395–410 Unit Lesson Before you begin reading the required chapters in this unit, please take note of
the page numbers indicated as you will be skipping ahead a bit in Chapter 12; you will begin by reading a
brief summarization of mesmerism on page 347. Believing that magnetic forces were to blame for
disease, Viennese researcher Franz Anton Mesmer began giving large doses of iron to patients before
performing the work of animal magnetism in the 18th century. While today, we do not credit magnetic
imbalance with ill health (physical or mental), Mesmer’s work was an important foray into the power of
suggestion, which would later be termed as hypnosis. The clinical practice of hypnotism was, and
continues to be, a somewhat controversial element of psychotherapy, but it is hard to deny that most
people have some degree of suggestibility. One early practitioner was Frenchman Jean-Martin Charcot
who specialized in cases of hysteria (Goodwin, 2015). Hysteria was a condition demonstrated by certain
Victorian ladies whose reproductive organs were thought to be misbehaving—another “sign of the timeâ€
to recognize. Today, a similar issue may be diagnosed as conversion disorder or histrionic personality
disorder. Even in Charcot’s time, hypnosis versus a strong predisposition toward suggestibility was
debated. His ideas fascinated a young Viennese medical student named Sigmund Freud. UNIT VI STUDY
GUIDE Clinical Psychology: Analysis, Humanism, and Cognitive Theory PSY 3019, History and Systems of
Psychology 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Psychoanalysis Summing up Sigmund Freud, his impact, and
those who came after him in a two-page lesson is a futile cause, but highlighted below are some major
points that you will read more about in Chapter 12 of your textbook: Catharsis: Freudian friend and
mentor Joseph Breuer helped a patient in his seminal “Anna O. case†to trace her symptoms back to their
first instance to achieve an emotional release. Transference: Based partially on his interpretation of
Anna O., Freud came to believe that patients develop an emotional attachment to their therapist, which
may play out an earlier relationship. (Freud insisted this attachment must be a repressed sexual desire—
a theme we will find recurrent in his work.) Free association: Somewhat similar to hypnosis with its
emphasis on a relaxed state, Freud’s patients were encouraged to speak in an uncensored manner during
their sessions to see what themes emerged. Conscious/pre-conscious/unconscious: Layers of
awareness ranging from the known to the long repressed, Freud believed the purpose of psychotherapy
was to uncover these hidden thoughts and desires which have been pushed down and (nearly)
forgotten. Resistance: Freudian resistance refers to a patient shying away from certain topics. If a
patient was uncomfortable with a topic, he reasoned that there must be important material there which
needed uncovering. Dream analysis: Calling dreams the “royal road†to the unconscious, you can credit
Dr. Freud for the clinical practice of dream analysis, its many facets, and one of his most important publications from 1900: The Interpretation of Dreams. Psychosexual development: As noted previously,
Freud believed that repressed sexual desires and themes had a great impact on both personality
development and any future psychological maladies. Before you cross everything he said off your list,
remember the very repressive attitude toward sex in Victorian Europe and the general concept that
women were weak and somewhat simple creatures. Id/ego/superego: In Freudian psychoanalytic
theory, id is a primal, basic instinct; superego is a domineering, moral judge; and ego lives between the
two, trying to find balance and function in the external world. Id houses a primitive life and death
instinct known respectively as eros and thanatos. Freudian defense mechanisms: Though denial and
other defense mechanisms have been co-opted by popular culture, Freud recognized about 10 processes
by which the ego attempts to find balance between internal desires and the external world (Goodwin,
2015). Although his work received mixed reactions across Europe, Freud was forever grateful to G.
Stanley Hall from Chapter 6 for inviting him to the United States where he lectured briefly and was
acknowledged for his huge impact on the psychological community (Goodwin, 2015). (Freud is obviously
still controversial in the United States, but several of his theories worked their way into Western culture
through their intrigue and popularity in America.) Another analytic theorist you may recognize is Alfred
Adler. Though he later split with Freud on the issue of sexual influence, Adler continued in his own
psychoanalytic practice called individual psychology (Goodwin, 2015). Adler believed that social
environments and planning for the future may have been more impactful on his patients’ outlook; you
may have heard the term inferiority complex, and you can thank Dr. Adler for this scientific theory. He
used the term to explain his belief that infants were born inferior to their parents and spent a great deal
of energy trying to overcome this fact. Again emphasizing the impact of early life, Adler also left several
observations on the importance of birth order. Carl Jung is another theorist to whom we could devote
entire chapters or books; his brand of analytical psychology branched from Freud and took on its own
unique vocabulary and study. Two of Jung’s most fascinating theories are those of the collective
unconscious and psychological archetypes. The collective unconscious described a kind of repository for
lost information at an ancestral level. Archetypes are described as major personality types, which are
repeated throughout human history and serve as an extension of mythology. Introvert or extrovert?
These concepts can also be credited to Carl Jung, as well as animus/anima/shadow/persona and his own
take on this thing we call the self. PSY 3019, History and Systems of Psychology 3 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title In Chapter 13, you will read about other clinical endeavors in psychology such as electroshock
therapy and the frontal lobotomy. You will also be introduced to the various degrees developed through
the history of your study and the gradual shift from MDs to PhDs and PsyDs (Goodwin, 2015). Humanistic
Therapy Jumping to page 381 in your textbook, you will read about the humanistic approach to
psychotherapy. If psychoanalysis was too theoretical and “up in the clouds,†and behaviorism (from the
prior unit) was too mechanical, what did the middle of the 20th century offer as an alternative? Perhaps
you have encountered Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs in earlier psychology courses.
Maslow proposed a fairly straightforward approach to human development, which was less dependent
on childhood experience and more centered on the attainment of certain needs (Goodwin, 2015).
Maslow proposed that human needs began quite basically with the essentials, such as food, water, and
shelter, and progressed upward toward the ultimate goal of self-actualization. He believed once
physiological needs and safety needs of a social and interpersonal nature are met, an individual may
reach his or her fullest potential. Self-actualization may bring to mind figures such as Mother Teresa or
the Dalai Lama. Indeed, this lofty ideal may be characterized by various criteria, including a true sense of
reality, creativity, morality, and being goalcentered. If lucky enough, even non-self-actualizers might
enjoy peak experiences or moments of clarity/joy, which may also be considered as spiritual (Goodwin, 2015, p. 382). Maslow’s focus on this kind of developmental growth and well-being was seen as a sharp
contrast to psychoanalysis, which often focused on severe mental illness. Carl Rogers is another famous
name in the humanistic realm due to his development of client-centered therapy (Goodwin, 2015).
According to Rogers, the therapeutic experience was not between an expert doctor and his fumbling
patient, but rather, the experience was more like a journey that was being taken by two individuals. His
processes were easier to grasp than analytic work and provided a very different feel than either
behaviorism or psychoanalysis. Rogers focused on the following three precepts in his practice: an
emphasis on empathy for the client; genuineness/congruence, which referred to the honest sharing of
one’s experience and selfactualization; and unconditional positive regard for the client, whatever his or
her prior experiences may have been. Cognitive Therapy The study of cognition was certainly not new to
the field of psychology, but it did have somewhat of a resurgence in the early-to-mid 20th century.
Psychologists were again interested in exploring human memory, perception, and thought processes
(Goodwin, 2015, p. 396). Consider Jean Piaget, best known for his theory of cognitive schema/schemata,
which described a mental structure used in learning to sort and organize various concepts. Piaget is
known in the world of education because of his emphasis that this process began in childhood and was
carried through to create “structures of the whole.†Remember what you have learned about the
association theory from earlier units as you read about cognitive psychology in Chapter 14. How are
movements learned, and how are memories coded in the mind? These are not new questions, but they
regained attention mid-century, which paralleled the development of computer technology. Language
study (linguistics), comparative psychology, computer science, and anthropology all combined to form a
new branch of study known as cognitive science. From a therapeutic standpoint, you will later explore
how aspects of cognitive psychology merged with behavioral precepts to form what we know today as
cognitive-behavioral therapy. Reference Goodwin, C. J. (2015). A history of modern psychology (5th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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